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Ask for Any Appliance: A Prompt-Programmable Foundation Model for Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring

arXiv · AI, language, vision and robotics · article · Sep 19, 2026 · UTC

Non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM) estimates appliance-level consumption from a whole-home meter, but appliance-specific models and fixed output inventories make coverage costly to extend. We present FM4NILM (Foundation Model for NILM), a single prompt-programmable model that estimates a requested appliance's power trajectory from aggregate measurements, a natural-language description, and optional activation exemplars. A lightweight cadence-aware transformer is pretrained by masked reconstruction on 645k sequences from seven public corpora spanning 1-60 s sampling intervals, then aligned wi

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