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Cultural Divergence Preservation: Diagnosing Flattening and Caricature in LLM-Simulated Survey Populations

arXiv · AI, language, vision and robotics · article · Sep 24, 2026 · UTC

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used as synthetic survey respondents to estimate population response distributions. In cross-cultural survey simulation, evaluations should assess not only distributional fidelity within countries but also whether differences across countries are preserved. However, existing distance-based metrics such as Jensen--Shannon divergence (JSD) do not directly capture such cross-country differences. To address this limitation, we introduce Cultural Divergence Preservation (CDP), a reference-light diagnostic based on a one-time human calibration. CDP ident

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