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Generating Chest X-Ray Counterfactuals by Specialising Foundation Image Models

arXiv · AI, language, vision and robotics · article · Sep 21, 2026 · UTC

Counterfactual image generation answers questions about how a subject would have looked under retrospective, hypothetical scenarios. Recent methods have improved perceptual quality, identity preservation and faithfulness to an underlying causal model, but their adoption in healthcare is limited by scarce annotated data, distribution shift between datasets, and mismatches between pretrained generative models and those required for counterfactual inference. We propose specialisation, a data and parameter-efficient framework for adapting pretrained, non-causal generative models into causal mechan

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