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Mathematical Programming in Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence: A Unified Taxonomy of Models and Applications

arXiv · AI, language, vision and robotics · article · Sep 7, 2026 · UTC

Mathematical programming provides a common language for many decisions embedded in modern machine-learning (ML) and artificial-intelligence (AI) systems: selecting retrieval context, routing tokens, allocating inference compute, fitting structured predictors, protecting against distribution shift, and balancing competing objectives. However, the relevant literature is fragmented across optimization, information retrieval, recommendation, natural-language processing, computer vision, and learning theory. This paper organizes various applications under common mathematical programming paradigms:

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