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Virtual iEEG from Scalp EEG: Charting the Landscape of Source Imaging, Intracranial Inference and Reconstruction

arXiv · AI, language, vision and robotics · article · Aug 27, 2026 · UTC

Intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) provides temporally precise and spatially specific access to neural activity from focal and deep brain regions, but its invasiveness and restricted anatomical coverage limit routine use. These constraints have motivated scalp-to-intracranial inference, termed virtual iEEG when model outputs carry iEEG-defined event, feature, representation, or contact-level waveform semantics. This review presents a target-centred framework distinguishing event inference, feature translation, and waveform reconstruction, while separating predictability from observabil

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