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Confidence Falls Short: Asymmetric Certainty Gains from Optimization Hinder Multimodal Classification

arXiv · AI, language, vision and robotics · article · Sep 23, 2026 · UTC

Multimodal learning (MML) falls into the optimization dilemma due to the modality imbalance phenomenon, leading to suboptimal overall performance in practice. While many attempts primarily focus on balancing the optimization dynamics across modalities to address this issue, we identify a subtle yet critical flaw: optimization yields asymmetric gains in predictive certainty, with the strong modality more confident than the weak one, driving imbalanced modality contributions. In this paper, our analysis reveals that this flaw stems from unimodal characteristics rather than multimodal learning, a

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