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Hapi: A Multivariable Land-Surface Transformer for Medium-Range Hydrological Forecasting at Continental Scale

arXiv · AI, language, vision and robotics · article · Sep 19, 2026 · UTC

Accurate flood forecasts several days in advance are essential for flood control, water-resource management, and emergency response. Producing them at high resolution over a continental domain calls for local hydrological detail together with spatial context extending from river basins to synoptic weather systems. We developed Hapi, a U-Net Swin Transformer that uses fine three-dimensional patches and hierarchical shifted-window attention to forecast discharge, surface runoff, snow water equivalent, and soil wetness across the contiguous United States. The model produces 24--72-hour forecasts

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