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Routed Graph Handoff: Adaptive Format Selection for Multi-Agent LLM Delegation

arXiv · AI, language, vision and robotics · article · Aug 26, 2026 · UTC

Multi-agent LLM systems coordinate through natural-language messages that consume 40--60\% of their token budget. Replacing these with structured graphs reduces cost but fails on tasks requiring adaptive reasoning. We propose \textbf{Routed Graph Handoff}, where a lightweight LLM router (155 tokens, 0.15\% overhead) selects between a typed dependency graph and natural language for each delegation. On four benchmarks (1,050+ trajectories), the routed system matches or exceeds NL-only on every task: \textbf{+12.7\,pp} on $τ$-retail at 3.2$\times$ compression ($p{<}0.01$), \textbf{+8.7\,pp} on Br

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