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Manacá-1B: An Open, Reproducible Brazilian-Portuguese Language Model and a Tokenizer-Aware, Paired Evaluation

arXiv · AI, language, vision and robotics · article · Aug 31, 2026 · UTC

Brazilian Portuguese remains under-served by open language models, and the few that exist are difficult to reproduce and are often compared without measures of uncertainty. We release Manacá-1B, an open decoder-only model of 1.72 billion parameters trained from scratch for Brazilian Portuguese with a fully containerized, reproducible pipeline. The pretraining is stable, with zero skipped or NaN steps and self-recovering loss spikes, and we release its full log and dynamics. We evaluate the model against nine open baselines on four Portuguese benchmarks under a single harness. Every comparison

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