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AirGC-CD: Gaussian-Circulant Precoding for Exactly Debiasable PAPR Reduction in Over-the-Air Federated Learning

arXiv · AI, language, vision and robotics · article · Sep 19, 2026 · UTC

Over-the-air federated learning lets edge devices transmit their local updates simultaneously, reducing the communication overhead. The resulting waveform, however, has a peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) that grows with the model dimension, and keeping the amplifier in its linear range leaves two remedies: clipping the peaks or backing off the transmit power. Neither remedy is without cost: i) the clipping distortion appears at the receiver as a bias that cannot be removed, and ii) back-off keeps the signal intact but degrades the average signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Independent of this trad

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