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Interpretable AI plus Handheld, Portable Retinal Photographs: A Low-Cost Glaucoma Screening Solution for West Africa

arXiv · AI, language, vision and robotics · article · Sep 22, 2026 · UTC

Purpose: To develop and evaluate an interpretable artificial intelligence (AI) framework for glaucoma screening from low-cost portable, handheld retinal fundus photographs in a West African population and to compare its performance with clinical tabletop fundus imaging. Methods: We used data from a community-based study of 681 participants (1,362 eyes) in Nigeria, comprising 414 glaucoma, 478 glaucoma suspect, and 470 non-glaucoma eyes. Fundus photographs were acquired using the low-cost handheld, portable Volk Viva retinal camera and the Canon CR-2-AF tabletop camera. We fine-tuned component

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