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FTU-Seek: Foundation Model-Guided Hard-Negative Learning for Sparse Functional Tissue Unit Segmentation

arXiv · AI, language, vision and robotics · article · Sep 1, 2026 · UTC

Functional tissue units (FTUs), including tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs), blood vessels, and glands, encode localized immune, vascular, and epithelial organization in histopathology. Accurate quantification of these structures is important for studying tissue architecture and disease-associated tissue organization. However, FTUs are frequently sparse, heterogeneous, and surrounded by large amounts of morphologically similar background tissue, making automated segmentation in whole-slide images (WSIs) challenging. We therefore developed FTU-Seek, a pathology foundation model-guided framewo

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