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Bio-MF: Low-Latency and High-Fidelity EEG-to-fNIRS Cross-Modal Generation for Hybrid Motor-Imagery Brain--Computer Interfaces

arXiv · AI, language, vision and robotics · article · Sep 17, 2026 · UTC

Hybrid motor-imagery brain-computer interfaces (MI-BCIs) combining EEG and fNIRS can outperform EEG-only systems by exploiting complementary electrophysiological and hemodynamic information. To obtain such hybrid information when paired EEG-fNIRS acquisition is unavailable or inconvenient, recent studies have focused on EEG-to-fNIRS cross-modal generation. However, existing methods still suffer from slow generation and often require pretraining, limiting their use in real-time MI-BCI scenarios. Although one-step generative models offer an attractive route to low-latency synthesis, removing the

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