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Not All Confusion Is Equal: A Source-Aware Uncertainty Diagnosis for Fine-Grained Aircraft Detection

arXiv · AI, language, vision and robotics · article · Sep 24, 2026 · UTC

Fine-grained object detectors are commonly evaluated with confusion matrices, which show where the model is confused but not why, nor whether the confusion can be reduced. We argue that confusion can be attributed to distinct, separable sources, each quantitatively measurable, turning a passive measurement into actionable guidance. We present $A^2E^2$, a diagnostic tool that decomposes the sources of confusion along two axes, $\{$aleatoric, epistemic$\} \times \{$within-class, between-class$\}$, giving a $2\times2$ taxonomy that enumerates the source types. Each quadrant is measured by its own

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Evidence & attribution

First collected: 2026-09-25T06:12:46.948Z. This is not the publication date.