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Inferred Generative-Process Diversity Predicts Correlated Failure Across Language Models

arXiv · AI, language, vision and robotics · article · Sep 3, 2026 · UTC

Diversity is a widely observed factor in the resilient function of collective systems, yet the type of diversity that matters depends on the properties and failure modes of the system. This distinction is important for systems composed of multiple language models. Different models may be treated as independent components even when their behaviour and failures remain strongly correlated. Assessments of language-model populations using semantic similarity demonstrate limited semantic diversity, but this captures only differences in the meaning of observed outputs. We argue that a more fundamenta

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