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Who Holds the Pen? Let Specifications, Not Agents, Sign Off

arXiv · AI, language, vision and robotics · article · Sep 24, 2026 · UTC

Large language model agents increasingly combine generation, decision-making, execution, and self-evaluation within a single agentic loop. Although they operate under external specifications such as task instructions, guidelines, output schemas, and reusable skills, these specifications typically remain context for the same model that acts and declares completion, leaving no independent specification authority boundary. We identify two resulting gaps. The understanding--execution gap arises when a requirement is understood but not satisfied in execution; the state--authority gap arises when an

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Evidence & attribution

First collected: 2026-09-25T06:12:46.948Z. This is not the publication date.