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Learning from Failures: Heterogeneous Graph Memory for Small Language Model Tool-Using Agents

arXiv · AI, language, vision and robotics · article · Sep 23, 2026 · UTC

Small and medium-sized language models offer cost-effective executors for tool-using agents, making them attractive for local and large-scale deployment. However, in long-horizon and stateful environments, they often make structural errors such as missing required observations, performing premature writes, repeating failed calls, and violating action preconditions. These errors can lead to incorrect state updates, policy violations, and costly or irreversible consequences, making reliable tool execution a critical deployment challenge. Existing fine-tuning approaches require substantial data a

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