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From Language Models to World-Acting Systems: Progress and Limits of Agentic AI across Digital, Social, Virtual, and Physical Environments

arXiv · AI, language, vision and robotics · article · Sep 4, 2026 · UTC

Large language models become consequential agents when surrounding systems let outputs change external state. Models now call tools, operate interfaces, delegate work, retain state, inhabit generated worlds, and control robots or laboratory equipment. Such advances are often narrated as one march toward autonomy, conflating model competence, system integration, persistence, and safe authority. This critical review synthesizes primary research and official technical specifications available by 31 August 2026. We organize the evidence along delegated authority, temporal persistence, and environm

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