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VerTox: Verifiable Reward-Guided Corpus Poisoning Against Neural Ranking Models

arXiv · AI, language, vision and robotics · article · Sep 1, 2026 · UTC

Neural ranking models have become core components of modern information retrieval systems and important building blocks of AI systems such as retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) pipelines. However, their robustness remains insufficiently understood in the presence of large language models (LLMs), which can generate fluent and deceptive content at scale. This work investigates the vulnerability of neural ranking models to corpus poisoning attacks, in which an adversary injects a small number of maliciously crafted documents into the corpus to distort ranking behavior. We propose VerTox, the fi

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