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Prediction of Prediction (PoP): Inter-Layer Activation Fusion for Single-Pass Hallucination Detection in Large Language Models

arXiv · AI, language, vision and robotics · article · Aug 27, 2026 · UTC

Autoregressive large language models (LLMs) routinely generate factually incorrect outputs with high decoding confidence, limiting their deployment in high-stakes workflows. Existing output-stage uncertainty metrics can fail when models are overconfident on false assertions, while multi-sample verification pipelines introduce substantial memory and latency overhead. This work evaluates whether internal hidden-state transition dynamics during generation can signal factual errors without auxiliary decoding calls. We introduce Prediction of Prediction (PoP), a mechanism that captures layer-transi

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